Jainism: Religious Practice and Festivals in Vijayanagara Empire
By Jagadeesh Kivudanavar
Summary
Jagadeesh G. Kivudanavar surveys the role of Jainism in the Vijayanagara Empire of South India. Although the empire was primarily Hindu, the Jains enjoyed royal patronage and played a significant role in its cultural life. The article discusses daily religious practices such as worship of Tirthankaras, recitation of hymns, performance of sāmāyika (meditative ritual), and observance of vows. It describes major festivals like Mahamastakabhisheka (grand head‑anointing ceremony) at Shravanabelagola and other annual celebrations honouring Lord Bahubali and Lord Mahavira. The author notes that Jain temples and basadis were built in Vijayanagara style, with intricate carvings and monolithic statuesimage/file:///home/oai/share/jain_journal_2001_10_520144_std_ocred.pdf. The article also records the decline of Jainism after the fall of the empire, when patronage shifted and many Jains migrated. However, the influence of Jain values such as ahimsa and anekantavada endured in local culture. By analysing inscriptions and literature, the author shows that Jains contributed to education, architecture and administration, and that Jain festivals coexisted harmoniously with Hindu and Muslim observancesimage/file:///home/oai/share/jain_journal_2001_10_520144_std_ocred.pdf.
Conclusion
Jainism flourished under Vijayanagara kings, leaving behind temples, sculptures and festivals that testify to its presence. The article highlights the resilience of Jain religious practice even amid political changes and underscores how Jain ethical ideals blended into the region’s pluralistic culture.