Jaina Antiquities from the Satpatta Village, District Bankura, West Bengal

Summary

In this detailed archaeological report, Rupendra Kumar Chattopadhyay and colleagues document Jaina artefacts discovered in Satpatta village in Bankura district, West Bengal. During explorations in the Kumari and Kansavati valleys, the team encountered numerous habitation sites and sculptural fragments, of which Satpatta stood out because of its rich concentration of Jaina sculptures and the presence of a ruined temple and modern shrine. The authors note that Satpatta was part of a larger network of ancient Jaina centres along the Kansavati, which included villages like Ambikanagar, Chiada and Barkola. Earlier research by Debala Mitra in the 1950s and subsequent studies by Dilip Chakrabarti and the first author established the archaeological potential of this region; however, the present study offers the first comprehensive survey of Satpatta. The report catalogs eight sculptural specimens retrieved from the modern temple. Four are images of R̥ṣabhanātha (Ādinātha) carved from chlorite stone. Each stands in kāyotsarga posture on lotus pedestals decorated with lanchanas such as the bull, lion or ratna‑patras. The principal image wears an elegant jatājūṭa, flanked by two caurī‑bearing attendants and topped with a trilinear śiraścakra and Vidyādharas. Miniature figures of the 24 Tīrthaṅkaras are carved in vertical rows along the back slab. Another image, measuring 155 cm, is eroded but retains a five‑headed snake canopy and elaborately carved pīḍha temple frame. A third specimen features a cross‑bar back slab embellished with triangular plaques and ratna‑patras, while the fourth includes depictions of planetary deities and cloud motifs; stylistically these icons date to the 11th–12th centuries. Three images of Pārśvanātha are described. Each stands in kāyotsarga posture under a canopy of intertwined snake hoods, flanked by male and female snake‑coils and caurī‑bearers; miniature Tīrthaṅkaras decorate the margins and the back slab contains a temple‑like niche. These images are assignable to the 12th century. The report also documents an unidentified Jina image and a defaced Jaina Yakṣiṇī Ambikā statue with children and plant motifs. The authors emphasise that the stylistic features—slender proportions, pīḍha motifs and hāsionic architectural frames—match early medieval Jain sculptures from Purulia and western Orissa. The final section contextualises Satpatta within the region’s history. The authors argue that Satpatta was a major Jaina centre, perhaps connected to trade and metal‑working communities. Early medieval temple building (10th–13th centuries) coincided with a well‑established network for mining, agriculture and forest produce; Jaina settlers may have been patrons of this economic system. The authors recommend further archaeological surveys to reconstruct the development of Jaina beliefs and practices in southwestern Bankura.