Akbar was Literate
By Makhanlal Roy Choudhary
Summary
Challenging the notion that Emperor Akbar was illiterate, this article assembles evidence from Mughal chronicles, inscriptions and personal testimonies. Abul Fazl records that Akbar made pen strokes on the pages he read and wrote marginal notes in manuscriptsfile:///home/oai/share/split_pdfs/article_07.pdf#:~:text=Abii%E2%80%99l%20Fadl%20writes%2010%20Akbar,24. The hostile historian Badauni admits that the emperor designed pen‑cases and employed a librarian to read to him, indicating his familiarity with booksfile:///home/oai/share/split_pdfs/article_07.pdf#:~:text=00%20Fadl%20further%20mentioned%20in,to%20number%20of%20pages%20read. The article cites coins and farmāns bearing Akbar’s own signatures and notes Jahangir’s statement that his father copied a Qur’an and a Nasiri Quranfile:///home/oai/share/split_pdfs/article_07.pdf#:~:text=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%20%E0%AB%A9%E0%AB%A92%20Y,He%20oftenfile:///home/oai/share/split_pdfs/article_07.pdf#:~:text=That%20Akbar%20%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9F%20to%20sign,and%20he%20did%20sign%20documents. It argues that the use of secretaries does not imply illiteracy and that Akbar’s patronage of translation projects and libraries bespeaks literary interest. Examining arguments from European travellers and later historians, the author concludes that the weight of evidence supports Akbar’s literacy and that claims of illiteracy stem from misunderstanding or polemical motivesfile:///home/oai/share/split_pdfs/article_07.pdf#:~:text=Abii%E2%80%99l%20Fadl%20writes%2010%20Akbar,24file:///home/oai/share/split_pdfs/article_07.pdf#:~:text=But%20how%20should%20one%20interprec,sages%20and%20scholars%20of%20India.
Conclusion
The evidence from chronicles, inscriptions and memoirs shows that Akbar could read and write. He annotated manuscripts, signed documents and engaged deeply with textual culturefile:///home/oai/share/split_pdfs/article_07.pdf#:~:text=Abii%E2%80%99l%20Fadl%20writes%2010%20Akbar,24file:///home/oai/share/split_pdfs/article_07.pdf#:~:text=That%20Akbar%20%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9F%20to%20sign,and%20he%20did%20sign%20documents. Assertions of his illiteracy arise from bias; the article restores his reputation as a literate and intellectually curious emperorfile:///home/oai/share/split_pdfs/article_07.pdf#:~:text=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%20%E0%AB%A9%E0%AB%A92%20Y,He%20often.