The Vākāṭakas and the Aśmaka Country
By Dineshchandra Sircar
Summary
Drawing on a newly studied set of copper‑plate grants, this article reevaluates the territorial extent of the Vākāṭaka dynasty and the location of the ancient Aśmaka country. The author begins by summarising the Pandurangapalli charter, which records a grant by the Rāṣṭrakūṭa governor Mānānka, and the Naravane grant of 743 C.E. issued by Rāṣṭrakūṭa Govindarāja. These inscriptions mention Aśmaka in connection with the Kolhapur region and suggest that Mānānka’s ancestors held sway over parts of the present‑day Satara district. The paper correlates these records with Vākāṭaka genealogy and identifies a branch of the family that ruled from the city of Kuntala in northern Karnataka. Comparative analysis of place‑names leads the author to posit that the main Aśmaka heartland lay on both sides of the river Godavari, encompassing the Paithan area of Aurangabad District and extending into the Nander‑Nizamabad region. The middle section of the article surveys literary references to Aśmaka in the Satapatha Brāhmaṇa, Mahābhārata and Jaina sources, noting that earlier scholars often conflated Aśmaka with the Maratha country or with the coastal Konkan. The author argues that these identifications misread the sources and that Aśmaka was distinct from Mulaka, the Paithan region of the Satavahanas. He further suggests that the so‑called Malaya kings of the Panduranga charter are actually Vākāṭaka feudatories who claimed victory over the Kadambas of Karnataka and the Vākāṭakas of Vidarbha. By piecing together inscriptional and literary evidence, the paper reconstructs a picture of shifting political frontiers in the Deccan during the fifth to eighth centuries. It concludes that Aśmaka should be located in the upper Godavari valley and that its rulers participated in broader south‑Indian power struggles.
Conclusion
Through meticulous philological and geographic analysis, the article clarifies a long‑standing confusion about the identity of Aśmaka. Instead of equating it with vague notions of the “south,” the author anchors the country along the Godavari and shows how its fortunes were intertwined with those of the Vākāṭakas and Rāṣṭrakūṭas. The study thus contributes to a more nuanced mapping of early medieval Deccan politics and demonstrates the value of integrating epigraphic data with literary traditions.