Origin of the Varman and the Sena Dynasties

Summary

This article investigates the geographical origins of Bengal’s Varman and Sena dynasties. It challenges earlier scholars who argued that the Varman capital Simhapura was located outside east Bengal. The author examines inscriptions, particularly the Najhati copper‑plate of Vallalasena, which records grants to Brahmins and refers to the family as ruling Radha (western Bengal). From this evidence he argues that Simhapura lay within the Varman kingdom and that the dynasty did not migrate from the north or south. He further notes that the Senas, who succeeded the Varmans, were closely connected to Radha and that their genealogies do not support a foreign origin. The article analyses various place‑name identifications and concludes that apparent references to distant regions are either later additions or misinterpretations. It also considers literary sources, including ballads and chronicles, and finds no reliable evidence that the rulers were foreigners. By comparing the Varman and Sena titles and coins with those of neighbouring dynasties, the author shows that their administrative terminology and iconography fit local patterns. The article thus seeks to place the origins of both dynasties firmly within Bengal, emphasising the need for cautious interpretation of epigraphic evidence and warning against speculative migration theories.