Was Lokanitha a Karana by Caste?

Summary

In this note the author clarifies a common misreading of the title ‘Karana’ borne by an official named Lokanitha. Some historians had assumed that Lokanitha belonged to the Karana caste, a scribal group prevalent in eastern India. By analysing the grammatical context of inscriptional references, the author shows that the term in this case is not a caste name but an office. Lokanitha is described as mahakarana, chief of the karaṇa, meaning the royal secretariat or record office. The author compares similar usage in other inscriptions where titles such as karanik and sakha‑karana denote office‑holders irrespective of caste. He also points out that Lokanitha’s patronymic indicates that he belonged to a Brahmin family and that his land grants were typical of Brahmin recipients, not of Karanas. The confusion arises because in later centuries the word karana came to denote a caste group, but in the early medieval period it retained its original administrative meaning. The note concludes that accurate translation of technical terms is essential for reconstructing social history and that caution must be exercised before inferring caste from titles.