Lord Mahavira
By Umrao Singh Tank
Summary
Lord Mahavira, a central figure in Jainism, began his spiritual journey with a preparatory period marked by an encounter with Gosala, a teacher who influenced his early ascetic rules. After six years, Gosala left Mahavira due to a dispute and later died tragically after attempting to harm Mahavira with psychic powers. Mahavira then founded the Ajivaka ascetic order in Sravasti, emphasizing non-violence and rigorous conduct. His teachings and missionary work spanned 30 years, covering regions across Bihar and beyond, with periods of travel and settled rainy-season retreats. He received support from royal patrons in Videha, Magadha, and Anga. Mahavira’s final years included severe illness and recovery, followed by his Nirvana (death) at Pava in 526 BCE, marked by celestial omens. His disciples, including prominent figures like Anand and Kamdeva, witnessed his final moments. After his death, a stupa was erected at his cremation site, and Jaina kings established rituals to commemorate his legacy. The article also notes historical debates about the chronology of Gosala’s influence and the succession of disciples, clarifying that Indrabhuti Gautama, Mahavira’s eldest disciple, achieved enlightenment independently rather than through rebellion.
Conclusion
Lord Mahavira's teachings and life, as outlined in this document, underscore the profound impact of his spiritual journey and the distinctiveness of his philosophical stance. His initial association with Gosala, though influential in shaping his ascetic practices, ultimately diverged into a radical departure, marked by the founding of the Ajivaka order and the assertion of free will and moral responsibility—principles that contrasted sharply with Gosala's deterministic views. The dramatic confrontation with Gosala, culminating in the latter's downfall, serves as a pivotal moment that solidified Mahavira's authority and the moral weight of his mission. Over three decades of relentless spiritual and missionary work, he traversed vast territories, established a rigorous ascetic tradition, and left an indelible mark on religious and philosophical thought in ancient India. His legacy, encapsulated in the Ajivaka order and his enduring influence, reflects a unique synthesis of asceticism, ethical rigor, and compassionate teachings that continue to resonate through the ages.