Sat-Prarūpaṇa Sūtra of Ācārya Puṣpadanta

Summary

The article presents a translated excerpt and introduction to the Sat-Prarūpaṇa Sūtra (“Enunciation of Existence”) by Ācārya Puṣpadanta (c. 50–80 C.E.), which is part of the revered Jain canonical text Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama, foundational in the Digambara Jain tradition. This ancient work outlines the nature and classification of living beings (jīvas) across 14 spiritual stages using 14 investigative methods and 8 disquisition doors (anuyogadvāras). It covers both biological and psychological characteristics of living entities such as: i) Gati (destiny), Indriya (senses), Kāya (body), Yoga (activity), ii) Veda (libido), Kaṣāya (passions), Jñāna (knowledge), Darśana (faith), iii) Saṃyama (self-restraint), Lesyā (coloration), Bhavyatva (liberability), etc. iv) The text emphasizes that deluding karma (moha) is the root cause of worldly bondage, and liberation (mokṣa) is achieved through the destruction of karmas. It also highlights the hierarchical progression of spiritual teachers from Mahāvīra to Gautama, through successive ācāryas like Dharasena, Puṣpadanta, and Bhūtabali, with historical details about the transmission of texts and scriptural authority. v) A special focus is given to the Pañca Nammokāra Mantra, its historical evolution, and the significance of its numerical components (e.g., syllables, vowels, consonants) which correspond to core Jain doctrines like karma theory, triratna, yogas, etc.