Theory of Moksa in Jainism

Summary

This philosophical essay by S.P. Bondyopadhyaya discusses the concept of mokṣa (liberation) in Jain thought and argues that Indian philosophy’s fusion of religion and metaphysics offers unique insights into the human condition. All philosophical systems begin with the problem of suffering and the desire to overcome it; the Jain perspective holds that bondage arises from the soul’s association with karmic matter and that liberation is the attainment of a positive state of infinite knowledge (jñāna), energy (vīrya), peace (śānti) and detachment (vairāgya). Mokṣa is not innate but must be acquired through right perception, knowledge and conduct. Only a human being can achieve mokṣa because the body provides the opportunity for self‑discipline; however, the body is merely an instrument and does not accompany the soul beyond liberation. The author summarises five propositions: (1) mokṣa is the summum bonum of the soul; (2) the human jīva alone is capable of liberation; (3) liberation must be attained, it is not an original possession; (4) once liberation is achieved there is no return to bondage, although the liberated jīva remains active; and (5) after videha‑mukti the soul continues in a middle dimension (madhyama parimāṇa) distinct from gross and subtle dimensions. The permanence of individuality after liberation is emphasised, suggesting that personal identity endures even when karmic limitations are removed. The article compares Jain views with other Indian systems, criticising Nyāya for denying the possibility of liberation and highlighting how Jainism avoids the extremes of absolutism and nihilism by affirming both multiplicity and non‑duality. In essence, mokṣa in Jainism is neither a mere cessation of existence nor an ineffable state beyond description; it is a concrete, rationally explicable goal that validates ethical effort and offers hope that suffering can be transcended through disciplined practice.