Royal Patronage and Jain Art in Tamil Nadu
By D. Janaki
Summary
The article explores the historical role of royal patronage in shaping Jaina art and architecture in Tamil Nadu, emphasizing the religion's early establishment and influence. Jainaism arrived in Tamil regions by the 4th century BCE, with significant migration during the Mauryan period led by Bhadrabahu. This migration, documented in inscriptions like the Sravanabelgola Inscription, marked the split between Digambara and Svetambara sects. Early Jaina monks from Bengal and Orissa propagated the faith, establishing hermitages in rock-cut caves, as evidenced by Brahmi inscriptions in Pudukkottai, Madurai, and Tirunelveli. Royal support was crucial, with Pallava and Chola rulers like Mahendravarman I and Kulottunga Chola I endorsing Jaina temples and monasteries. Key sites include Tirupparuttikunram’s Vardhamana temple, linked to Pallava patronage, and Vedal’s cave temples with Chola connections. The Cholas’ post-Kalabhra period saw Jainism thrive, though later Saivism overshadowed it. Inscriptions and literary works, including the *Naladiyar*, corroborate the antiquity of Jainaism in Tamil Nadu, highlighting its integration into local culture through royal endowments and scholarly networks.
Conclusion
The study highlights Jainism's significant historical influence in Tamil Nadu, driven by royal patronage and monastic activities. Key outcomes include the establishment of early Jain colonies through migrations like Bhadrabahu's, leading to the sectarian split into Digambara and Svetambara traditions. Royal support from Pallava and Chola rulers, such as Mahendravarman I and Parantaka I, facilitated the construction of temples and monasteries, like Tirupparuttikunram's Vardhamana shrine, which became central to Jain religious life. The integration of Tamil into Jain scholarship and the excavation of rock-cut caves for ascetic retreat further underscore the faith's institutionalization. Despite later Saivite dominance, Jainism left enduring cultural and architectural legacies, including inscriptions and temples that reflect its historical prominence in Tamil society.