The Jain Tradition of the Origin of Pataliputra

Summary

This article recounts the Jain tradition surrounding the foundation of the ancient city of Pataliputra. The author notes that the city, like many ancient cities of India, has its own origin tradition and that at one time it was as flourishing as Paris or New York. Numerous scholars have written about Brahmanical, Buddhist and Jain versions of the origin; the article provides the Jain version. According to Jain tradition, King Śreṇika (Bimbisara) ruled at Rajagṛha and was succeeded by his son Kunika or Aśokacandra (Ajātaśatru). After Ajātaśatru moved his capital from Rājagṛha to Campā, his son Udayin also ruled there. Udayin disliked the city because several deaths had occurred in his family and he was advised by his ministers to found another city. The ministers sent omen‑readers (naimittikas) to find an auspicious site for a new capital. They selected a place on the shores of the Ganges where a patala tree grew majestically; worms flying into the mouth of a bird on the tree were considered an auspicious sign. An aged omen‑reader recited a story about the patala tree, which confirmed the choice. The article continues (beyond the first page) describing how Udayin laid the foundation of the new city at this site, naming it Pataliputra after the patala tree. It notes that other traditions, including Buddhist versions, attribute the founding to different rulers. The Jain tradition emphasises that the city’s establishment was guided by omens and spiritual advice. The article recognises that this tradition coexists with Brahmanical and Buddhist stories, illustrating the pluralistic nature of Indian historiography. By recounting the Jain perspective, the author contributes to a fuller understanding of Pataliputra’s cultural history and emphasises the importance of including Jain sources in discussions of ancient Indian cities.