The Family of Anekantavada and its Significance

Summary

This article by Prof. Prem Suman Jain introduces the reader to the fundamentals of the Jain religion and shows how its unique epistemological and ethical contributions stem from the principle of anekāntavāda (non‑absolutism). The author begins with a concise overview of the Jain path—right faith, right knowledge and right conduct—and explains how Jainism refuses to reduce reality to a single, dogmatic viewpoint. Instead, it stresses the manifold nature of truth and the importance of examining a subject from multiple standpoints. The article analyses the two principal ‘family members’ of anekāntavāda: nayavāda, the doctrine of standpoints that enables one to analyse phenomena from different perspectives, and syādvᾱda, the doctrine of conditional predication that provides a linguistic technique for qualifying statements. Prem Suman Jain traces the development of anekāntavāda through Jaina scriptures, highlighting how it explains the apparent contradictions in existence and fosters intellectual tolerance. The doctrine encourages one to admit that each assertion is only partially true and that truth emerges from synthesising multiple views. The author notes that anekāntavāda is not limited to Jainism; comparable notions appear in other Indian philosophies and even early Buddhist thought, but Jain thinkers systematised it. Examples such as the parable of the blind men and the elephant illustrate how different observations are harmonised under syādvᾱda. The article also distinguishes between niścayanaya (the metaphysical or intrinsic standpoint) and vyavahāranaya (the practical, worldly standpoint) and explains how both are necessary to grasp reality. Prem Suman Jain emphasises that the openness of anekāntavāda leads to intellectual non‑violence and cosmopolitanism: one acknowledges partial truths in opposing doctrines and works toward reconciliation rather than dogmatic assertion. The discussion culminates in a plea for practising non‑absolutist values—tolerance, co‑operation, compassion and humility—in everyday life. Citing modern scholars and scriptures, the author argues that anekāntavāda and its offshoots have broad relevance for fostering world peace and scientific temper. The article closes with a prayer emphasising universal love and brotherhood as the ethical foundation of Jainism.