Ethical Utilitarianism in the Light of Mahavira's Philosophy

Summary

Smt Lata Bothra’s essay examines how the ethical teachings of Lord Mahāvīra, the 24th Tīrthaṅkara, can be interpreted through a utilitarian lens to address contemporary moral dilemmas. Opening with an illustrative dialogue in which a mother explains the greatness of Nāṭaputta (Mahāvīra) among beings, the author argues that Mahāvīra’s life embodies universal compassion and selflessness. She laments that modern society’s pursuit of speed, wealth and sensory gratification has eroded empathy and fraternity, and suggests turning to Mahāvīra’s 2 600‑year‑old teachings for guidance. Bothra reviews the principal Jain ethical precepts—ahimsa (non‑violence), aparigraha (non‑possessiveness), anekāntavāda (the doctrine of multiple viewpoints) and the pañca mahāvratas (five great vows)—and demonstrates how they promote social harmony and personal well‑being. Drawing parallels with Western philosophers such as Plato, Rousseau and utilitarian thinkers, she observes that Mahāvīra preached a balance of renunciation and enjoyment that anticipates modern concepts of democratic equality and human rights. The article discusses Mahāvīra’s emphasis on wise use of time (Brahma‑muhūrta), meditation and self‑discipline, noting that contemporary psychology and management science echo his recommendations for early rising, mindfulness and moderation. Bothra also highlights the social and economic dimensions of Mahāvīra’s message: the doctrine of aparigraha is presented as a solution to economic inequity and environmental degradation, while self‑restraint and compassion are seen as antidotes to violence, disease and alienation. Through historical examples—from King Bharat’s liberation to modern leaders like Gandhi and Lincoln—the essay shows how adherence to Mahāvīra’s principles fosters moral leadership and global peace. Ultimately, Bothra argues that the synthesis of non‑violence and anekāntavāda offers a form of ethical utilitarianism that seeks the greatest good by cultivating inner purity and social responsibility.