Anuvrata as Social Ethics

Summary

Sanjukta Bhattacharyya analyses the concept of Anuvrata—minor vows—as a model for social ethics within Jainism. Recognising that the strict Mahāvratas are impractical for householders, Jain thinkers developed five moderated vows: non‑violence, truth, non‑stealing, chastity and non‑possession. These Anuvratas parallel the ascetic vows but allow for everyday limitations, enabling laypeople to pursue spiritual progress while fulfilling social responsibilities. The author situates the Anuvratas within the triad of right faith, right knowledge and right conduct, arguing that observing the lesser vows is essential for cultivating right conduct. Modern reformers such as Ācārya Tulsi transformed the Anuvrata code into a social movement, emphasising ethical living as a path to social transformation rather than mere religious discipline. Bhattacharyya explores each vow’s social implications: non‑violence extends to compassionate consumption and environmental awareness; truthfulness fosters honest communication and prevents harm through deceit; non‑stealing promotes respect for others’ property and fair business practices; chastity ensures fidelity and guards against exploitation; and non‑possession discourages greed and encourages moderation. She draws parallels between Jain ethics and Western virtue ethics, noting that both stress self‑restraint and the cultivation of moral character. The article asserts that practising Anuvratas nurtures compassion, fairness and moderation, qualities that are vital for an egalitarian society. In an era marked by consumerism and ethical ambiguity, these vows provide a practical moral framework that remains relevant. By adopting small vows, individuals can develop virtuous habits, reduce conflict, promote social justice and contribute to the creation of a humane and sustainable social order.