Ancient Indian Geography in Banabhatta

Summary

In this study the author combs Bāṇabhaṭṭa’s literary works—principally the Kādambarī and the Harṣacarita—for geographical references and interprets them in light of historical sources. Bāṇa’s narratives are rich in descriptive passages that mention regions, tribes and rivers across the Indian subcontinent, yet scholars have often treated them as purely ornamental. The article argues that these references reflect real geographical knowledge and can be used to elucidate early seventh‑century political and cultural landscapes. A major focus is on the Kamboja region, which Bāṇa presents as a northern frontier territory. Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang placed the Kambojas on the north‑western frontiers of India near the Pamirs, while Aśoka’s rock edicts mention them alongside Greeks and Yavanas. Modern scholars, drawing on Persian and Sanskrit sources, variously locate the Kambojas in Afghanistan, southern Kashmir or the Kabul region. The article synthesizes these views and concludes that during Bāṇa’s time Kamboja referred broadly to north‑western territories including parts of present‑day Afghanistan and the Punjab. Similarly, the article analyses references to the Bharadvājas—another people mentioned by Bāṇa. It notes that earlier grammarians such as Pāṇini associate the Bharadvājas with the region around the Ganga‑Yamuna doab, while the Mahābhārata places them near Kurukṣetra. By comparing these sources, the author locates Bāṇa’s Bharadvājas in central India and demonstrates how literary evidence can clarify the migration of clans. The article also discusses mentions of Sindhu and Sauvīra and shows how Bāṇa’s descriptions align with accounts from Greek historians and Hiuen Tsang regarding the region’s fertility and trade. Throughout, the author emphasizes that Bāṇa wrote during Emperor Harṣa’s reign, when north‑Indian politics involved interactions with Persia and China; this context informs his geographical allusions. The study argues that Bāṇa’s geographical notices, though embedded in poetic narratives, derive from contemporary knowledge about frontier regions, tribal movements and riverine networks. Consequently, literary works like the Kādambarī are valuable supplementary sources for reconstructing ancient Indian geography. The article concludes by urging historians to take such literary descriptions seriously and to cross‑reference them with epigraphic and archaeological evidence.