Interpretation of the Indus Seals
By Edward J. Thomas
Summary
The article discusses Prof. B. Hrozny’s decipherment of the Indus Valley Civilization seals, linking them to Hittite hieroglyphic systems. Hrozny, known for deciphering Hittite cuneiform, identified two non-Indo-European languages in Hittite tablets: *khatti-li* (later called Khurrish) and an unknown language unrelated to Indo-European or Proto-Hittite. He proposed that Proto-Hindu writing derived partially from Hittite hieroglyphs but evolved independently, omitting certain signs (e.g., for "house," "god"). Analyzing Indus seals, Hrozny interpreted them as names or mantras. Examples include seals depicting "house" (ideogram + syllabic signs) and references to Akkad or Santas (a deity linked to Hercules). Seal No. 4 highlights the name *Kush/Kash*, connecting it to ancient nations in the Caucasus and Mesopotamia, suggesting metallurgical expertise. A seal from Ur, read as *SAG ku-shi* ("prince of Kush"), supports this link. Hrozny argued that these findings trace migrations from the Caucasus/Caspian regions to India, emphasizing linguistic and cultural continuity. While his claims remain debated, the article underscores his methodology: comparing Hittite and Indus signs, identifying shared roots, and contextualizing names within ancient geopolitics. The study bridges Indus Valley iconography with Near Eastern linguistics, proposing a Proto-Indian script with Hittite influences.
Conclusion
This analysis of the Indus Seals presents a groundbreaking linguistic and cultural bridge between ancient Indo-European and non-Indo-European systems, challenging traditional classifications of early civilizations. By identifying parallels between Hittite hieroglyphs and Indus script, the study suggests a potential Proto-Hindu writing system derived from Hittite traditions, albeit with significant modifications. The decipherment of seal inscriptions as personal names or mantras offers tangible insights into the administrative or ritual practices of Indus Valley societies, while the absence of certain Hittite signs highlights the script’s unique evolution. Hrozny’s methodology—linking cuneiform, hieroglyphic, and Indus systems—reveals a complex interplay of cultural and linguistic exchanges, positioning the Indus Valley civilization within a broader ancient Near Eastern context. These findings not only advance our understanding of Proto-Hindu script but also underscore the interconnectedness of early Mediterranean and South Asian civilizations, inviting further interdisciplinary exploration into the roots of ancient literacy.