The Cultural Contact between Java and Bengal
By Himanshu Bhushan Sarkar
Summary
The cultural contact between Java and Bengal was significantly shaped by waves of Indian colonization, with Bengal's influence becoming more prominent in the late eighth century. Early Javanese inscriptions, such as the Canggal inscription (732 CE), written in Pallava-Grantha script, indicate Southern Indian origins. However, the Kalasan inscription (778 CE), in a distinct "Pre-Nagari" script, marks a shift, suggesting Northern Indian colonists' dominance. Subsequent inscriptions like Kelurak, Ratu-Baka, and Plaosan further support this, as they use similar North Indian alphabets. Paleographic analysis links Javanese Pre-Nagari to scripts in the Khilimpur plate and Nilanda charters, reinforcing Bengal's role in Javanese colonization. The Sailendra dynasty (c. 750–850 CE) played a key role in this cultural exchange. Dr. Stutterheim's theory, linking Panamkarana (a Sailendra ruler) to the Nilanda charter, remains controversial due to chronological gaps and weak evidence. The Kelurak inscription (782 CE) highlights religious syncretism, blending Buddhist and Brahmanic traditions, reflecting the evolution of Shiva-Buddha worship. Despite debates over some inscriptions' authenticity, the evidence underscores Bengal's enduring impact on Javanese culture, particularly in art, religion, and governance.
Conclusion
The cultural exchange between Java and Bengal, as revealed through paleographic and epigraphic evidence, underscores Bengal's pivotal role in shaping Hindu-Javanese civilization. The shift from Southern to Northern Indian scripts in Javanese inscriptions after 778 A.D., particularly the Pre-Nagari script linked to Nalanda and Khilimpur, highlights the dominance of Eastern Indian colonists in Java's colonization. This interaction not only introduced new script forms but also influenced artistic and architectural traditions, leaving an indelible mark on Javanese culture. The findings challenge earlier narratives focused solely on Southern India, emphasizing Bengal's undeniable and enduring contribution to the Hindu-Javanese cultural complex.