The Problem of Ancient Indian Terracottas

Summary

This paper addresses methodological issues in classifying and interpreting ancient Indian terracotta figurines. Terracottas have been found across the subcontinent, ranging from Harappan seals to Gupta‑period votive plaques, but scholars disagree over how to group and date them. The article reviews previous typologies based on iconography, style and region, pointing out that many schemes impose rigid categories on a fluid artistic tradition. The author calls for greater attention to archaeological context, including stratigraphy and associated material, to determine chronology. He also emphasises the importance of technological analysis—such as clay composition and firing techniques—in distinguishing local workshops. Case studies from sites like Taxila, Mathura and Bengal illustrate how terracottas can illuminate regional religious practices, domestic life and trade networks. By integrating stylistic, contextual and scientific approaches, the paper hopes to move beyond superficial comparisons toward a more nuanced understanding of these ubiquitous artefacts.