Some Aspects of Jainism

Summary

Jagat Prasad’s essay ‘Some Aspects of Jainism’ is a comprehensive exposition of the religion’s history and philosophy. The author begins by dispelling the misconception that Jainism is an offshoot of Buddhism; he asserts that Jainism predates the Vedas and is founded on the teachings of a succession of twenty‑four Tīrthaṅkaras, beginning with Ṛṣabha Deva. He outlines the Jain view of cosmic time, which is divided into six kalas or ages. In the early ages, people lived in a state of abundance without social distinctions, but as the ages progressed, civilisation deteriorated and religion became necessary to guide humanity towards liberation. Prasad devotes much space to summarising the Jain doctrine of karma, emphasising that karma is a material entity that binds the soul to the cycle of birth and death. Liberation (mokṣa) is achieved through right faith, right knowledge and right conduct, collectively known as the three jewels (ratnatraya). The author argues that Jainism’s insistence on non‑violence (ahiṃsā), non‑possessiveness (aparigraha) and non‑absolutism (anekāntavāda) makes it a rational and humane religion. He contrasts the Jain view of the universe, in which there is no omnipotent creator, with theistic systems of thought and explains that Jain seers use logic and experience to establish their doctrine. The article also addresses sectarian differences between the Digambara and Śvetāmbara schools, noting that while they differ on issues like the canon and ascetic practice, both accept the essential principles of Jainism. Prasad concludes by urging readers to recognise Jainism’s unique contribution to Indian civilisation: it upholds the dignity of all life, emphasises personal responsibility and provides a practical path for spiritual liberation. The exposition is enriched with references to Jain scriptures and historical anecdotes, making it both informative and accessible.