Prehistoric and Protohistoric Strata of Lower Tungabhadra Region
By Subramanyam, Vara Prasada Rao, Rao, Issac, Thimma Reddy, Sudarsen, Murali Mohan, Soundara Rajan, Kasturi Bai, David Raju, Venkatasubbaiah
Summary
The Lower Tungabhadra region of Andhra Pradesh and adjoining Karnataka areas exhibit significant prehistoric and proto-historic cultural strata, as evidenced by archaeological investigations. The region, spanning 18,658 sq.km. across granitic terrains, black and red soils, and river systems like the Tungabhadra and its tributaries, supported hunting-gathering and agricultural communities. Lower Palaeolithic sites, such as Nittur and Kamalapuram, feature Acheulian tools like handaxes and cleavers, with fossil remains of Bos namadicus and Elephas indicating survival into the Late Middle Pleistocene. Middle Palaeolithic cultures, represented at sites like Satanikota and Siddirajalingapuram, show flake-based industries with scrapers and points, using siliceous materials like chert and quartzite. These cultures thrived in riverine contexts, with evidence of open-air settlements and factory-like assemblages. The region's geological formations, including Archaean and Kadapa systems, and its dry-deciduous vegetation, supported diverse human activities. Investigations highlight a cultural continuum from prehistoric times, marked by technological evolution and adaptation to riverine environments.
Conclusion
The study of the Lower Tungabhadra region reveals a rich cultural continuum spanning from the Lower to Middle Palaeolithic phases, marked by technological advancements and environmental adaptability. The persistence of Acheulian traditions, alongside the emergence of flake-based industries, underscores the dynamic evolution of human societies in response to ecological shifts. The region's geological and geographical diversity, including riverine systems and varied soil types, facilitated sustained habitation and resource utilization. Archaeological findings, such as fossil remains and dated artifacts, provide critical insights into the chronology and lifestyle of prehistoric communities. The implications of this research highlight the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in unraveling India's deep cultural heritage, offering valuable lessons for understanding human resilience and adaptability in ancient riverine ecosystems.