Unique Anthropomorphic Images in South Indian Temples
By R. EZHILRAMAN
Summary
The study examines unique anthropomorphic sculptures in South Indian temples, focusing on composite beings with human and animal features. These images, including Vyaghrapada (human head, tiger body), Purushamriga (human face, lion body), Patanjali (half-serpent), Kinnara (human-lion-bird), and Kamadhenu (woman-cow), are analyzed through photographic evidence and literary sources. Commonly found in ritual areas like temple entrances, prakara walls, and sanctum areas, these figures often serve as vahanas (vehicles) for deities or hold symbolic religious significance. The research identifies variations in depictions across Saivite and Vaishnavite temples, noting examples from Chola and Vijayanagara period sites in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Puducherry. Examples include the Tirukamiswara temple (Villianur), Mallikarjuna temple (Srisailam), and Somesvara temple (Ulsoor). The tradition of such sculptures, believed to ward off evil and purify, persists in modern temples. The study highlights the cultural and mythological connections of these beings, drawing parallels to ancient civilizations like Egypt and the Mediterranean, while emphasizing their distinct role in Hindu iconography as lesser deities or divine symbols.
Conclusion
This study highlights the significant presence and artistic complexity of anthropomorphic sculptures in South Indian temples, revealing their deep cultural and religious significance. The research identifies various forms like Vyaghrapada, Purushamriga, and Patanjali, often linked to deities and mythological narratives, serving as vahanas or protective symbols. These sculptures, concentrated in ritualistic spaces like gopura entrances and prakara walls, reflect a blend of Saivaite and Vaishnavite traditions, with variations across temples in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Puducherry. The study notes the continuity of this tradition from ancient civilizations, suggesting their role in warding off evil and embodying divine energy. By analyzing examples from temples like Srisailam, Jalakantesvara, and Villianur, the research underscores the enduring influence of these mythological beings in Hindu iconography and temple architecture.