Identifying Che-li-ta-lo: Archaeological Insights into Ancient Orissan Ports
By Benudhar Patra
Summary
The identification of Che-li-ta-lo, a port described by the 7th-century Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang, remains a subject of scholarly debate. This study examines the possibility of linking Che-li-ta-lo to Manikpatna, an excavated site in Odisha, India. Hiuen Tsang described Che-li-ta-lo as a fortified port on the southeastern coast of Wu-Tu (Odra), serving as a hub for maritime trade and travelers. While scholars like Cunningham, Ray, and others have proposed various locations—including Puri, Nendara, and Konarak—none fully align with Hiuen Tsang’s geographical and descriptive details. Recent archaeological excavations at Manikpatna, situated on the northern tip of Chilika Lake, provide compelling evidence for its identification as Che-li-ta-lo. The site features artifacts such as Chinese celadon ware, Roman pottery, and Kharosthi inscriptions, indicating extensive trade connections. Its coastal location, strategic position on the southeastern frontier of Odisha, and alignment with Hiuen Tsang’s description of a bustling port support this claim. Unlike other proposed sites, Manikpatna matches the described distance to Ceylon and the natural setting of a fortified urban center. While earlier theories, such as Nendara or Konarak, face geographical or evidentiary inconsistencies, Manikpatna’s archaeological findings and historical context make it the most plausible candidate. The discovery of Kushana coins and Kharosthi inscriptions further underscores its ancient significance, reinforcing the likelihood of its identification with Che-li-ta-lo.
Conclusion
The identification of Che-li-ta-lo with Manikpatna offers significant implications for understanding Odisha's maritime history. The archaeological evidence from Manikpatna, including Chinese ceramics, Roman pottery, and Kharost inscriptions, confirms its role as an ancient international port, aligning with Hiuen Tsang's descriptions of a bustling trade hub. This challenges earlier theories proposing locations like Puri or Nendara, which lack comparable material evidence or geographical consistency with the text. The discovery resolves longstanding scholarly debates by providing tangible proof of Odisha's early maritime connections, particularly with Southeast Asia and the Roman world. It also highlights the region's economic and cultural exchange networks during the 7th century, underscoring the importance of maritime routes in shaping India's historical trajectory. The findings reinforce the value of interdisciplinary archaeological research in validating historical accounts and reshaping historical narratives.