Central Indian Urban Centres in Early Medieval Period: Insights from Epigraphs

Summary

This study examines Central Indian urban centers during the early medieval period (8th-12th century CE) through contemporary epigraphs and literary sources. The era, marked by Rajputa dynasties like the Pratiharas, Paramaras, and Chandellas, saw significant socio-economic and cultural shifts, including evolving urban definitions. The *Mansara* text categorizes settlements into villages, towns, and forts, emphasizing political and defensive roles. Key urban terms like *pura*, *pattan*, and *nagara* denote administrative, commercial, and religious hubs rather than strictly residential or commercial centers. Forts, critical under feudal systems, served as urban centers with military and administrative functions. The analysis highlights towns like Siyadoni (a Pratihara *pattan* and trade hub), Mahodaya (identified with Kannauj, a major political and commercial center), Gopagiri (Gwalior, a Pratihara military center), Khajuraho (Chandella cultural hub), and Ujjayini (Paramara center referenced in inscriptions). These urban centers thrived due to trade, military strategy, and religious significance, reflecting the period’s transitory nature and feudal dynamics. The study underscores how epigraphs and literary works collectively illustrate the multifaceted roles of urban spaces in early medieval India.