Central and Western Indian Historical Testimonies on Early Medieval Śaivism
By Surabhi Srivastava, Shakuntala Misra
Summary
The article examines the prominence of Śaivism in Central and Western India during the 8th to 12th centuries, analyzing historical records from dynasties like the Gurjara-Pratīhāras, Paramāras, and Chaulukyas. It highlights the worship of Śiva under various names (e.g., Yogīśvara, Mahādeva, Pāśupati) and forms, including the Linga, destructive Rudra, ascetic Yogi, and beneficent Mahādeva. The study draws on inscriptions, literary sources, and archaeological evidence to trace Śaiva practices, temple constructions, and royal patronage, particularly noting the Paramāras' veneration of Śiva as Linga and their association with ancient Liṅgas like Mahākāla at Ujjain. The paper also discusses the coexistence of multiple deities and the role of Śaiva monasteries and ācāryas in the period, emphasizing Śaivism's enduring influence on Indian spirituality.
Conclusion
This study highlights the profound historical roots and enduring influence of Śaivism in Central and Western India during the early medieval period (8th–12th centuries CE), as evidenced by royal patronage, temple construction, and epigraphic records. The research underscores the worship of Śiva under diverse names and forms—Linga, Yogi, and destroyer—reflecting his multifaceted character and widespread appeal. The analysis of inscriptions from dynasties like the Gurjara-Pratīhāras, Paramāras, and Chaulukyas reveals Śiva’s centrality in royal devotion, with temples like Mahākāla at Ujjain remaining iconic. The study also notes the coexistence of Śaivism with other sects, such as Pāśupata, and the role of monasteries in preserving and propagating Śaiva traditions. Ultimately, the paper emphasizes Śaivism’s deep integration into India’s spiritual and cultural fabric, shaping regional identities