Central and Western Indian Historical Testimonies on Early Medieval Śaivism
By Surabhi Srivastava, Shakuntala Misra
Summary
The article examines the prominence of Śaivism in Central and Western India during the early medieval period (8th–12th centuries CE), analyzing historical records from dynasties like the Gurjara-Pratīhāras, Paramāras, and Chaulukyas. It highlights the worship of Śiva under various names (e.g., Yogīśvara, Mahādeva, Pāśupati) and forms, including the Linga, destructive Bhairava, ascetic Yogi, and beneficent Mahādeva. The study draws on inscriptions, epigraphs, and literary sources to trace Śiva’s integration into royal patronage, temple construction, and monastic traditions. Key findings include the prevalence of Śaiva cults, the establishment of monasteries like Nityapramuditadeva maṭha, and the veneration of Śiva in multiple regional names linked to local deities or patrons. The article also notes the coexistence of Śaivism with other sects, as seen in the polytheistic practices of some rulers. Archaeological evidence, such as ancient Lingas and temple inscriptions, further corroborates the deep-rooted influence of Śiva worship in the region.
Conclusion
This study highlights the profound historical roots and enduring influence of Śaivism in Central and Western India during the early medieval period (8th–12th centuries CE), as evidenced by royal patronage, temple construction, and epigraphic records. The research underscores the worship of Śiva under diverse names and forms—Linga, Yogi, and destroyer—reflecting his multifaceted character and widespread appeal. The analysis of inscriptions from dynasties like the Gurjara-Pratīhāras, Paramāras, and Chaulukyas reveals Śiva’s centrality in royal devotion, with temples like Mahākāla at Ujjain remaining iconic. The study also notes the coexistence of Śaivism with other sects, such as Pāśupata, and the role of monasteries in preserving and propagating Śaiva traditions. Ultimately, the paper emphasizes Śaivism’s deep integration into India’s spiritual and cultural fabric, shaping regional identities