From Jīnāgama to Jinabimba: The Evolution of Tīrtha in Jainism
By Mana Shah
Summary
The article explores the evolution of the concept of *tīrtha* in Jainism, tracing its development from a symbolic representation of spiritual crossing to a sacred geographical location and pilgrimage site. Initially rooted in the idea of crossing the ocean of suffering to attain *mokṣa* (liberation), the term *tīrtha* gradually expanded to denote sacred sites associated with *tīrthaṅkaras* (spiritual teachers) and their teachings. Over time, pilgrimages to these sites became central to Jain religious practice. The study examines this transition through Jain scriptures, including the *āgamas* (canonical texts), commentaries, and later philosophical, narrative, and ritualistic literature. Jain cosmology is described as divided into three worlds—*adho-loka* (lower), *madhya-loka* (middle), and *ūrdhva-loka* (upper)—depicted symbolically as the *Lokapuruṣa* (cosmic man). The middle world, where humans and *tīrthaṅkaras* reside, includes the central island *Jambūdwīpa*. The pursuit of *mokṣa* involves understanding nine fundamental realities (*tattvas*), including the soul (*jīva*), karma, and liberation. Liberation occurs when all karmic bondage is dissolved, allowing the soul to manifest its infinite qualities. Jainism posits two classes of liberated souls: *tīrthaṅkaras*, who establish *tīrtha* (a fourfold religious order and scriptures), and *siddhas*, ordinary souls who achieve liberation. Unlike other Indian philosophies, Jain *tīrthaṅkaras* are not incarnations of a single deity but distinct souls who guide others through right faith, knowledge, and conduct. The path to liberation requires a combination of these three elements, with right faith being foundational. The article highlights the significance of
Conclusion
This study traces the evolution of the concept of *tīrtha* in Jainism, examining its transition from a symbolic representation of spiritual crossing to a physical sacred site central to pilgrimage. The analysis highlights how Jain texts—from ancient *āgamas* to medieval commentaries and narrative literature—gradually expanded the term’s meaning, linking it to the veneration of *tīrthaṅkaras* and the establishment of structured religious practices. The implications of this shift underscore the role of sacred geography in Jain devotion, where pilgrimage (*tīrthayātrā*) became integral to spiritual liberation (*mokṣa*). The findings also reveal Jainism’s unique theological framework, where multiple liberated souls (*tīrthaṅkaras* and *siddhas*) serve as divine guides rather than a singular deity. This evolution reflects broader trends in Indian religious history, illustrating how doctrinal concepts adapt to cultural and ritualistic needs over time.