Bandel: A Lesser-Known Portuguese Settlement in Mughal Bengal

Summary

This paper examines the development of Bandel, a lesser-known Portuguese-settled town in Bengal, under Mughal rule. It explores the ecological, political, and socio-economic factors that influenced the shift of Portuguese settlements from Saptagram to Hugli and eventually to Bandel. The decline of Saptagram due to water scarcity in the Saraswati River led to the rise of Hugli, which flourished as a trading port until its destruction in 1632 by Mughal forces. The Portuguese later established Bandel, which became a religious and commercial center, marked by the construction of churches and convents. The study highlights the role of ecology in urban planning, as environmental challenges like river drying influenced settlement locations. It also analyzes the socio-economic impact of Portuguese presence, including trade dynamics and demographic changes. Bandel's growth as a religious hub is emphasized, with the Augustinian monastery and Jesuit institutions attracting worshippers and settlers. The paper argues that Bandel's development reflects broader patterns of European colonization and urbanization in Bengal, shaped by interactions between global trade, political shifts, and environmental adaptation.