Symbols in Early Indian Jewellery

Summary

The article explores the use of symbols in early Indian jewellery and traces their evolution from the Chalcolithic period through the early historic era. Jewellery, the author notes, serves not only to adorn the human body but also to convey beliefs and charms. Many designs are stereotyped objects adapted as ornaments, often polished or inlaid. These symbols, though sometimes lacking artistic quality, have deeply significant meanings associated with magic, religion or common beliefs. The article notes that mysterious symbols worn as jewellery have been found in India since the Chalcolithic age. However, little is known about the religion of Chalcolithic people, making it difficult to interpret their symbols. Among the notable symbols from this period are the Maltese cross on the bezel of a silver ring, a heart‑shaped gold pendant inlaid with faience, and linear designs on a gold band. The Maltese cross, common in Mediterranean countries and early Indian coins, may have served as a charm rather than as a seal. The heart symbol, widely used in Mohenjo‑daro and Harappa as a decorative motif, likely symbolised life and served as a pendant. Another symbol on the ends of a gold fillet resembles the altar-like object often depicted in Indus seals; it might have had sacred significance. The article then surveys symbols in early historic jewellery, noting that actual jewellery is scarce but abundant representations appear on Buddhist monuments. Buddhism incorporated many older symbols and popularised them through its devotees. The most venerated Buddhist symbol was the triratna (three jewels), symbolising the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha. This symbol was adopted not only by Buddhists but also by Jains and appears in car ornaments and necklaces. The article underscores that many symbols found in jewellery—Maltese crosses, hearts, altars, triratna and others—became meaningful charms and amulets incorporated into personal ornamentation. By examining these symbols across archaeological contexts, the article highlights the continuity and transformation of symbolic motifs in Indian jewellery. It reveals how ancient peoples integrated religious and magical signs into personal adornment and how these symbols spread across regions through trade and cultural exchange.