On some fiscal terms occurring in the Ancient Indian Land grants
By U. N. Ghoshal
Summary
Exploring ancient Indian land‑grant inscriptions, this paper examines fiscal terminology that has puzzled scholars. The author focuses on words like hiraṇya, karṣa and śulka, which are often translated simply as ‘gold’ or ‘tax’ but whose precise meanings vary by contextfile:///home/oai/share/563005_compressed-189-407.pdf. By analysing copper‑plate charters and stone inscriptions from different regions and periods, the article shows that hiraṇya sometimes referred to a fixed cash payment accompanying a land grant, while in other cases it denoted a share of produce or a lump‑sum tribute. The term karṣa, literally a ‘weight’, functioned as a unit of account. The paper stresses that administrative practice was not uniform: Smṛti texts, Puranas and commentaries use these terms differently, reflecting evolving fiscal systems. The author argues that modern translators should avoid rigid equivalences and instead interpret fiscal terms within their epigraphic and regional context. The study contributes to understanding the economic aspects of land grants and the fiscal obligations of grantees.
Conclusion
The article concludes that ancient fiscal terms like hiraṇya cannot be reduced to single meanings; they signified varying forms of payment and obligation. Recognising their contextual nuances enriches our comprehension of India’s premodern economic history.