Rupakas - how many are they ?
By Ashok Nath Bhattacharya
Summary
The text discusses two main topics: the classification of Sanskrit dramas (Rupakas) and historical inscriptions. Regarding Rupakas, traditional Sanskrit dramaturgy texts like the Natyasastra and Sahityadarpana recognize ten types, including Nataka, Prakarana, Bhana, and Prahasana. However, the Bhagavadajjukiyam, a unique Prahasana, lists twelve Rupakas in its Prastavandha, introducing Vira and Sallipa as types not found in standard classifications. This discovery challenges existing scholarship, though the play's age remains uncertain. The text also mentions newly discovered Tamil-Malayalam dramaturgy works (Attaprakara, Kramadipikd, Kitiatfakrama) that may shed further light. The second section examines historical inscriptions, including those from Vijayanagara, Bericheth Saiva merchants, and Tamil Viniya caste linked to the Golaki-matka institution. Maratha-era inscriptions from Tanjore (e.g., Record 424) detail the Bhonsle family history, while 13th-century Pandya inscriptions (301–303) reveal criminal administration practices. The text also references a stanza from Guru-ratnaa nala, attributing it to Sadagivendra and noting its references to Apollonius of Tyana and King Larchas.
Conclusion
This study reveals a significant departure from established classifications of Sanskrit *riupakas*, with the *Bhagavadajjukiyam* presenting an alternative enumeration of twelve *riupakas*, including previously unrecognized types like *Vira* and *Sallipa*. The discovery challenges traditional lists from the *Natya Shastra* and related texts, suggesting greater diversity in ancient dramatic categorization than previously acknowledged. The analysis also highlights the *Golaki-matka*'s enduring influence in South Indian religious institutions and underscores the historical value of inscriptions in reconstructing administrative practices, such as the Pandya criminal justice system. These findings collectively expand our understanding of Sanskrit literary and theatrical traditions while raising new questions about regional variations and chronological attributions.