Social Philosophy of Dr. Radhakrishnan

Summary

This paper surveys Dr. S. Radhakrishnan’s social philosophy, situating it within the broader context of Indian thought and the modern world. The author argues that Radhakrishnan’s vision of society is rooted in an integral spiritual humanism: he affirms the dignity of the individual while rejecting both collectivist suppression and selfish individualism. Radhakrishnan views humanity as an organic unity that must be realised through ethical conduct and mutual respect. The article outlines Radhakrishnan’s analysis of the crisis of modern civilisation. He criticises the utilitarianism and materialism that dominate public life and attributes social conflict to spiritual ignorance. Drawing on Vedānta, he proposes a philosophy of social service inspired by the ideal of the jīvanmukta (liberated soul) who works for the good of all without desire for reward. Radhakrishnan emphasises that democracy is not merely a political mechanism but a way of life that presupposes moral character, tolerance and open dialogue. He insists on the equality of all human beings and condemns caste discrimination, economic exploitation and religious intolerance. The author discusses Radhakrishnan’s views on education, religion and culture. Education, he argues, should cultivate inner freedom, critical thinking and compassion rather than merely impart technical skills. Religion should be a unifying force based on a common search for truth rather than a means of separation; its purpose is to awaken the divine within each person. Radhakrishnan calls for a synthesis of the spiritual insights of the East and the scientific outlook of the West, believing that such integration can lead to a just and harmonious society. Throughout the article, Radhakrishnan’s commitment to pluralism and dialogue is emphasised. He respects the diversity of religious and cultural expressions but insists that underlying this diversity is a universal spiritual reality. His social philosophy seeks to reconcile the rights of individuals with the welfare of the community, advocating a democratic order tempered by ethical self‑discipline and compassion.