Persian Inscriptions in the Gwalior State
By Ram Singh Saksena
Summary
A recently discovered Persian inscription on a stone post at Bhilsa, Gwalior State, reveals a royal order exempting the Koli (Hindu weaver class) from *begar* (forced labor). The inscription, dating to the Mughal period, lacks specific details like the ruler’s name or date, but its paleographic features and local traditions suggest attribution to Alamgir II (1754–1773 AD), during the later Mughal decline. Bhilsa, historically significant as the ancient Vesenagara or Caityagiri, was once a major kingdom capital with monuments like Buddhist stupas, the Heliodorus Pillar, and the Garwda Pillar at Bes. The town faced attacks by Altamash (1235 AD) and Ala-ud-din Khilji (1292 AD), who incorporated it into Malwa. The *begar* system, documented in Persian literature as early as 1258 AD, persisted across India, including Bhilsa, where it remains prevalent despite the inscription’s exemption. The Kolis, unaware of this historical decree, continue to face compulsory labor, highlighting the enduring legacy of Mughal-era policies.
Conclusion
This document presents a significant discovery: a previously unnoticed Persian inscription from the Gwalior State, dating likely to the late Mughal period, which exempts the Koli community from forced labor (Begar). The inscription, found at Bhilsa—a site rich in historical and archaeological artifacts—offers rare insight into labor policies and social dynamics during this era. Its undated nature and unique attribution to Alamgir II (1754-1773) highlight the complexities of late Mughal governance and the persistence of systems like Begar, which remained entrenched in Indian society. The study underscores Bhilsa’s historical importance as a crossroads of cultures and administrative innovation, while challenging assumptions about Aurangzeb’s intolerance extending to such concessions. This finding enriches understanding of regional Mughal administration and its uneven social impact.