Antiquities from Sangam Age Sites: Minor Chieftains' Cultural Impact

Summary

This study examines archaeological findings from Sangam-era sites in Tamil Nadu to explore the cultural and societal impact of minor chieftains, such as Pari, Kari, Ori, Nalli, Pegan, Ay, and Adiyaman, who ruled regions like Parambu nadu, Mullur, Kolli hills, and Tahadur during the 3rd century BCE to 6th century CE. While Sangam literature highlights their philanthropy, patronage of poets, and roles in polity and economy, this research shifts focus to material evidence from 150 excavated sites, including pottery (black-and-red ware, russet-coated painted ware), terracotta objects, metal artifacts, shell bangles, and inscriptions. Key sites include Thirukkoilur, capital of the Malaiyaman chieftain, and Andipatti, linked to Nannan. The study reveals regional variations in artifacts, such as coins depicting horses and river motifs, and inscriptions like the 1st-century CE Tamil Brahmi script at Jambai, reflecting Atiyan Netuman Anci’s grant to a hermitage. Historical connections emerge through Rajaraja Chola’s 11th-century inscriptions referencing Sangam poet Kabilar, who allegedly died at Thirukkoilur by self-immolation. The analysis underscores the chieftains’ autonomy under the three major dynasties, their patronage of Tamil culture, and the alignment of archaeological evidence with Sangam literary accounts, reinforcing the cultural legacy of these territories.