Prakrit-Sahitya mein Janasamanaya ki Sahabhag Abhivyakti

Summary

Examining the representation of common people in Prakrit literature, this article argues that texts composed in Prakrit offer valuable insights into the lives and voices of non‑elite groups. Prakrit, used in Jain scriptures, gāthā‑literature and early drama, served as a bridge between classical Sanskrit and regional vernaculars. The author surveys narratives from works like the Gāhā Sattasaī, Jain Āgamas and plays such as Śūdraka’s Mṛcchakaṭika, identifying depictions of artisans, merchants, courtesans and villagers. These characters express personal desires, social grievances and pragmatic wisdom, challenging the assumption that ancient literature solely reflects elite perspectives. The article analyses linguistic features that convey intimacy and immediacy, contrasting them with the formality of Sanskrit. It also considers how authors used humour and satire to critique social hierarchies and gender norms. By highlighting motifs of love, work and moral ambiguity, the article shows that Prakrit texts humanise figures often marginalised in Brahmanical sources. The author suggests that the inclusive ethos of Prakrit literature stems partly from its Jain origins, which emphasise non‑violence and the equality of souls. The paper concludes that studying Prakrit works broadens our understanding of ancient Indian society and underscores the diversity of literary voices in the subcontinent.