Some Special Aspects of jaina Philosophy as a School of Indian Philosophy
By Arvind Sharma
Summary
The article surveys several distinctive features of Jain philosophy that set it apart from other schools of Indian thought. Beyond well‑known doctrines like karma and ahimsa, the author draws attention to less familiar topics that have nevertheless attracted scholarly interest. One of these is the Jain concept of the jīva, which is thought to be capable of spatial expansion and contraction in its empirical state. Unlike other Indian systems that regard the self as immutable, Jains compare the jiva to a lamp that illuminates the entire space of its dwelling. This variability underscores the soul’s intimate connection with matter and explains its bondage by karmic particles. Another feature discussed is the Jain theory of knowledge, which posits that knowledge constitutes the essence of the soul and that ignorance arises from karmic obscuration. The article also touches on Jain cosmology, with its cyclical conception of time and vast multiple universes, and on the doctrine of epistemological relativism (anekāntavāda and syādvāda), which asserts that all statements are true from certain standpoints and false from others. Additionally, it notes the ascetic practice of nudity among Digambara monks as an expression of non‑possession and freedom from social convention. By assembling these topics, the article portrays Jainism as a sophisticated, multifaceted system that combines metaphysics, ethics and epistemology. The discussion aims to spark further exploration of these special aspects and to highlight the richness of Jain philosophical thought.
Conclusion
By spotlighting lesser‑known doctrines such as the variable size of the jīva, the centrality of knowledge and the principle of many‑sidedness, the article illustrates the unique contributions of Jainism to Indian philosophy. These concepts challenge more familiar Hindu and Buddhist positions and invite reconsideration of assumptions about self, knowledge and reality. Recognising the originality of Jain ideas fosters a more inclusive understanding of India’s intellectual heritage and underscores the tradition’s relevance to contemporary discussions on pluralism and non‑violence.