Reappraisal of Degrees of Reality in Jainism, Buddhism and Vedānta
By Yajneshwar S. Shastri
Summary
Metaphysical systems in Indian philosophy often distinguish between different levels of reality. This article reappraises the notion of degrees of reality as articulated in Jainism, Buddhism and Vedānta. The author outlines the Jain doctrine of anekānta (many‑sidedness), which posits that reality is complex and can be viewed from various standpoints. Buddhist schools distinguish between conventional and ultimate truth; what appears real at the level of everyday experience is empty of inherent essence. Advaita Vedānta adds another layer by asserting that the empirical world is less real than the non‑dual Brahman. The essay compares how each tradition uses these distinctions to address ethical and soteriological questions. It argues that recognising degrees of reality allows for compassionate engagement with the world while striving for spiritual liberation.
Conclusion
By comparing three philosophical traditions, the article illustrates how the concept of graded reality helps reconcile the demands of practical life with the pursuit of ultimate truth. It encourages dialogue across doctrinal boundaries.