The Coins and Weights in Ancient India
By A. K. Sarkar
Summary
Investigating the intertwined histories of coinage and metrology, this article analyses how units of weight underpinned monetary systems in ancient India. The author compiles references from the Manusmṛti, the Arthaśāstra and numismatic hoards to demonstrate that the suvarṇa, karṣāpaṇa and māṣaka represented both coins and weight measures. The paper traces the evolution of these units from punch‑marked coins to cast and die‑struck varieties, noting regional variations and changes under Maurya, Gupta and medieval rulers. It explores how trade with the Greco‑Roman world introduced new denominations and influenced local standards. The author also examines inscribed stone weights and balances recovered from archaeological sites, discussing their materials and calibration. Through this evidence, the paper argues that kings periodically re‑standardised weight units to stabilise currency, reflecting an early understanding of monetary policy. Attention is paid to the social dimension: merchants, money‑lenders and goldsmiths adhered to guild regulations to maintain trust in the marketplace. By linking textual prescriptions with physical artifacts, the article elucidates the sophistication of Indian metrological science and its role in facilitating long‑distance trade. Comparative observations with Chinese and Mesopotamian systems underscore the global context of ancient Indian commerce.
Conclusion
The study shows that ancient Indian coinage was inseparable from carefully calibrated weight systems. This synergy of monetary and metrological knowledge enabled thriving trade networks and illustrates the administrative foresight of early Indian rulers.