The Buddhist Social Ideals
By B. G. Gokhale
Summary
Gokhale’s essay explores the social philosophy embodied in the Buddha’s teachings. He argues that Buddhism presents a radical critique of the caste hierarchy and ritualism of Brahmanical society. Central to Buddhist social ideals are the doctrines of compassion (karuṇā), non‑violence (ahiṃsā) and the intrinsic worth of all beings. The article discusses how the Sangha, with its rules of equality and communal decision‑making, served as a model for an egalitarian community. Lay followers were encouraged to practice generosity, ethical conduct and mindfulness in their occupations. The essay examines the Buddha’s advice to rulers, highlighting edicts that urge kings to promote welfare through righteous governance rather than coercion. Gokhale also reflects on the role of women in the early Sangha, noting both the progressive admission of nuns and residual patriarchal attitudes. The social philosophy of Buddhism, he argues, emphasises personal transformation as the foundation for social change. By overcoming greed, hatred and delusion, individuals contribute to a harmonious society. The essay concludes by considering the relevance of Buddhist social ideals to modern issues such as economic inequality, communal tension and the search for sustainable lifestyles.
Conclusion
The author concludes that Buddhism advocates a compassionate and egalitarian social order founded on ethical discipline and spiritual insight. Its critique of caste, its support for communal harmony and its emphasis on righteous kingship remain relevant to contemporary social problems. Gokhale suggests that modern societies can draw inspiration from the Buddhist ideal of a community grounded in generosity, non‑violence and mutual respect.