Scientific Background of the Buddhist Tantras

Summary

Bhattacharyya’s essay argues that the Buddhist Tantras, often dismissed as esoteric or irrational, have a scientific and psychological rationale. He traces the historical emergence of Tantric Buddhism and notes its incorporation of cosmology, medicine, astronomy and alchemy prevalent in medieval India. The article explains how mandalas map the universe and the human body, how mantras use sound vibration to affect consciousness and how visualisation practices relate to mental imagery and cognitive restructuring. The author discusses the physiological basis of yogic techniques involving breath control and energy centres (cakras). He argues that Tantric rituals function as sophisticated psychotechnologies designed to transform habitual patterns and accelerate spiritual development. By highlighting parallels between Tantric practices and contemporary psychological theories, the essay invites a re‑evaluation of the Tantras as a legitimate branch of Buddhist philosophy and science.