Buddhism in the Sunga Period

Summary

This article reassesses the fortunes of Buddhism during the Sunga dynasty (mid‑2nd to late 1st century BCE). Traditional narratives paint the Sungas, particularly their founder Puṣyamitra, as persecutors of Buddhism. However, the author surveys archaeological and inscriptional evidence to argue that Buddhist communities continued to thrive. The enlargement of the stupas at Sanchi and Bharhut, the refinement of railings and toranas and the flourishing of relief sculpture all occurred during the Sunga era. Goswami analyses artistic motifs and inscriptions to demonstrate patronage from local chiefs, merchants and even some members of the royal family. He notes that while the Sungas promoted Brahmanical rituals, they also tolerated and occasionally supported Buddhist institutions. The article cautions against relying solely on later literary sources that depict Puṣyamitra as a Buddhist‑hater and instead advocates a nuanced view that recognises regional diversity.